What is computer?
→ is an electronic device used to perform arithmetic and logical operations. → processess data to produce useful information.
Data
→ is a collection of facts that are either numerical or non-numerical. Example: reports,figures,scores,names, and address
Information
→ is the processed data. Example: name of a student,student number,telephone number,age,birthday, and address
What is data processing?
→ is the manipulation of data into a more useful form. It involvescollecting,processing, and distributing of facts and figures to achieve a desired result.
Hierarchical classification of data
Bit → The smallest or atomic data which is simply treated as either 1 or 0.
Byte → A basic unit of computer information,often composed of 8 bits.
Example: 10111101,10010011
Character → Is a single byte representation of a character.
Example: A,B,C,D,E
Field → a group of characters and is sometimes defined as data item.
Example: name,age,address
Records → A group of fields.
Example:Student's personal data.
A. Student number
B. Student name
C. Age
D. Address
E. Telephone number
File → A collection of records.
Example:Student file
A. Student's personal data
B. Student's ledger
C. Student's grade
Databases → Collection of files.
Example:Accounting database
A. Student's file
B. Faculty's file
C. Staff's file
→ is an electronic device used to perform arithmetic and logical operations. → processess data to produce useful information.
Data
→ is a collection of facts that are either numerical or non-numerical. Example: reports,figures,scores,names, and address
Information
→ is the processed data. Example: name of a student,student number,telephone number,age,birthday, and address
What is data processing?
→ is the manipulation of data into a more useful form. It involvescollecting,processing, and distributing of facts and figures to achieve a desired result.
Hierarchical classification of data
Bit → The smallest or atomic data which is simply treated as either 1 or 0.
Byte → A basic unit of computer information,often composed of 8 bits.
Example: 10111101,10010011
Character → Is a single byte representation of a character.
Example: A,B,C,D,E
Field → a group of characters and is sometimes defined as data item.
Example: name,age,address
Records → A group of fields.
Example:Student's personal data.
A. Student number
B. Student name
C. Age
D. Address
E. Telephone number
File → A collection of records.
Example:Student file
A. Student's personal data
B. Student's ledger
C. Student's grade
Databases → Collection of files.
Example:Accounting database
A. Student's file
B. Faculty's file
C. Staff's file
Input
→ Feeding such data to the machie.
Input device
→ Allows the user to communicate to the computer.
Example: keyboard,mouse,scanner,optical character reader,light pen,sensor
Process
→ Is a program in execution.
Central processing unit
→ The part of computer that executes the functions of arithmetic and logic,interprets instructions,and maintains control over hardware.
Memory
→Is the capacity to store data.
A.
Primary Memory
→ Resides within the CPU and is easily accessed.
Example: Read Only Memory(R.O.M) and Random-Access-Memory(R.A.M)
B.
Secondary Memory
→ Is made possible by external units.
Example: magnetic disk,magnetic tape,magnetic drum
Output
→ Information that is given out by a computer.
Output Device
→ Allows the computer to communicate to the user.
Example: monitor,printer,speech synthesizer
→ Feeding such data to the machie.
Input device
→ Allows the user to communicate to the computer.
Example: keyboard,mouse,scanner,optical character reader,light pen,sensor
Process
→ Is a program in execution.
Central processing unit
→ The part of computer that executes the functions of arithmetic and logic,interprets instructions,and maintains control over hardware.
Memory
→Is the capacity to store data.
A.
Primary Memory
→ Resides within the CPU and is easily accessed.
Example: Read Only Memory(R.O.M) and Random-Access-Memory(R.A.M)
B.
Secondary Memory
→ Is made possible by external units.
Example: magnetic disk,magnetic tape,magnetic drum
Output
→ Information that is given out by a computer.
Output Device
→ Allows the computer to communicate to the user.
Example: monitor,printer,speech synthesizer
Capabilities of Computer
- Can process data faster than any other machine designed to perform a similar task.
- Can tirelessly perform the same operations million of times in exactly the same way without "getting bored".
- Can make decisions based on alternative courses of action.
- Can store facts,instructions and information.
- Can verifies the accuracy of its own work by means of a parity check.
- Capable of executing the instructions on its own,without human intervention.
- Provides new time dimension.
- Cannot generate information on its own.
- Cannot correct wrong instructions.
- Cannot come out with an original decision.
Elements of computer system
Program
→ A set of instructions for the computer to follow.
Hardware
→ The physical devices that constitute a computer system.
Hardware Components
A.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
→ Is the brain or the nerve center of the computer system.
- Arithmetic/Logical unit → Performs arithmetic operations such as addition,subtracton,division,multiplication,and logical operations like sorting and comparing of data.
- Control unit → Decodes the instructions and initiates the actions called for by these instructions.
- Memory/Storage unit → Where the instructions and data are stored while processing is done.
I.
Read Only Memory(R.O.M.)
→ Contains permanently stored instructions that requires a computer to do its basic,routine operations.
II.
Random Access Memory(R.A.M.)
→ Store instructions you give it. It can be later erased or changed.
III.
External Memory
→ Is a physical device separate from CPU where information are stored.
B.
Input/Output Devices(I-O Devices)
→ For communication with the environment of the system.
- Paper Media
- Magnetic Media
- Other Media
I.Punch Card
→ Paper cards on which holes have been punched to represent letters,digits,and special characters.
II.Printed output
→ The most commonly known output of a computer.
III.Graphic Plotter
→ Also printing devices that convert digital computer into colored illustrations on sheet of paper.
I.Magnetic tape/disk
→ Is a commonly used media for transferring data to and from the CPU.
II.Magnetic tape/disk drive
→ The physical I-O device where data are read and written on the tape/disk surface using read/write heads.
I.Visual Display Terminal
→ Is a physical device which combine the function of input and output.
II.Graphic Terminal
→ Have built-in microcomputers and special graphics software.
Software
→ Is a set of computer programs which makes the hardware operate on some data to generate the necessary information.
Two main types of computer software
- System Software (Operating System) → Controls the hardware and peripherals by directing the internal operation of the computer.
- Application Software → Are set of instructions which implement functions of interest to many users in generalized way so that it may be tailored to a variety of specific environments.
A.Operating System
→ Is the most important type of system software.
→ It is a group of related programs that supervises the execution of an application program.
B.Language Translator
→ Convert human readable application programs into machine readable form.
C.Utility/Service Programs
→ Serve specialized data processing problems like text editor,librarian,subroutines,and system aids.
Files
→ are collection of facts/records.
→ a named area on a secondary storage device that contains a program,data or textual material.
Filename
→ the name given to a document,program or utility for the purpose of distinguishing everything that you have worked in with the computer.
→ a distinct label for the applications that you do.
Two parts of Filename
command.com
command------->Root/Base name
com-------------->Extension name
Rules in naming your files
*LPT2
→ are collection of facts/records.
→ a named area on a secondary storage device that contains a program,data or textual material.
Filename
→ the name given to a document,program or utility for the purpose of distinguishing everything that you have worked in with the computer.
→ a distinct label for the applications that you do.
Two parts of Filename
- Root/Base name
- Extension name
command.com
command------->Root/Base name
com-------------->Extension name
Rules in naming your files
- Root/Base name must be less than or equal to eight (8) characters only and extension name must be less than or equal to three (3) characters only.
- Spaces are not allowed.
- Reserved words such as the following are not valid as filenames.
*LPT2
Introduction to Disk Operating System
→ The Operating System is the intermediary between the computer hardware and the instructions set by the user. It translates these instructions to a form that can be understood by the machine.
Examples of Operating System:
What is DISK OPERATING SYSTEM?
→ A collection of programs that supervises and controls the operation of your computer.
→ Allows you to create and manage your files.
→ Can also execute your programs and supervise the interface of your programs with different devices such as printers.
→ Was developed by Microsoft Corporation for International Business Machines (IBM).
The Floppy Disk
→ An external storage device where you save and access your files.
Parts of a Disk
→ The Operating System is the intermediary between the computer hardware and the instructions set by the user. It translates these instructions to a form that can be understood by the machine.
Examples of Operating System:
- Disk Operating System (D.O.S.)
- Unix Operating System
- OS/2
What is DISK OPERATING SYSTEM?
→ A collection of programs that supervises and controls the operation of your computer.
→ Allows you to create and manage your files.
→ Can also execute your programs and supervise the interface of your programs with different devices such as printers.
→ Was developed by Microsoft Corporation for International Business Machines (IBM).
The Floppy Disk
→ An external storage device where you save and access your files.
Parts of a Disk
- Temporary Label
- Permanent Label
- Read/write head
- Hub
- Index Hole
- Write-protect notch
8 bits = 1 byte
1,000 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (Kb)
1,000,000 bytes = 1 Megabyte (Mb)
1 billion bytes = 1 Gigabyte (G)
- How to start your computer?
1.Insert your SYSTEM DISK in drive A and then lock the drive.
2.Switch on your CPU and monitor.
3.Wait until your monitor displayed the following:
ENTER NEW DATE (mm-dd-yy) : 06-25-96
ENTER NEW TIME (hh:mm:ss) : 1:30:40
A:\>
4.If A:\> appears, it means that the computer is ready to accept DOS commands.
Two kinds of Wildcards
A.
Asterisk(*) → can occupy one or more characters.
B.
Question mark(?) → can occupy only one character.
External Commands
A.
Asterisk(*) → can occupy one or more characters.
B.
Question mark(?) → can occupy only one character.
External Commands
- FORMAT → initializes the disk with a recording format that is acceptable to DOS. syntax:
- SYS → transfer system files to a disk. syntax:
- CHKDSK → display information about the disk. syntax:
- DISKCOPY → instructs DOS to copy the entire contents of a source disk to a target disk. syntax:
- LABEL → changes the volume name of the disk. syntax:
FORMAT < t.d: >[ parameters ]
SYS < t.d: >
CHKDSK < t.d: >
DISKCOPY < s.d: > < t.d: >
LABEL < t.d: >